FDA approval status states whether the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has reviewed a compound and approved it for sale as a medicine. Research peptides are not FDA-approved drugs.

Endotoxins are fragments of the outer wall of certain bacteria that can end up in lab materials during manufacturing, so quality labs test every batch for them.

Clinical trial phases are the ordered steps of human testing for a new compound: Phase 1 checks safety in a small group, Phase 2 looks for an effect, and Phase 3 confirms it in a large group.

A CAS number is a unique ID the Chemical Abstracts Service assigns to a chemical substance — one substance, one number, no confusion over names.

Amino acids are small molecules that link together in chains to build peptides and proteins — the building blocks of both.

PubMed is a free public index of medical research papers; a DOI is a permanent ID number for one paper. A link to either opens the original study behind a claim.

Preclinical research is laboratory-stage science: studies done in cells, tissues, or animals before any testing in people.

Mitochondria are tiny structures inside almost every cell that turn nutrients and oxygen into the chemical energy the cell runs on.

Mass spectrometry is a lab method that weighs molecules with extreme precision, so an analyst can confirm that a sample really is the compound it is supposed to be.

An agonist is a molecule that binds to a receptor and switches it on, starting the cell response that receptor controls.