What Russian optic-nerve, glaucoma and retina studies of Semax actually reported, why none of them isolate the peptide, and where the published record runs thin.
A plain-language review of the published Semax neuroprotection literature: which studies used cells, which used animals, which used people, and what each one found.
What published studies measured when they looked at Semax, cognition and attention, who was studied, where the work was done, and what was never tested.
Semax is widely described as raising BDNF. The most-cited study measured it in three rat brain regions and found it fell in two of them. Here is what was reported.
What published studies report about Semax in anxiety and stress research: rat stress models, a forced swim test null result, and the limits of the record.
TB-500 is a seven-amino-acid fragment of thymosin beta-4. A plain-language tour of every research area the published record actually covers, and what it does not.
The 2026 WADA Prohibited List names Thymosin-beta4 and its derivatives e.g. TB-500 under section S2.3. Here is the quoted text, the source PDF, and what it covers.
TB-500 is a seven-amino-acid fragment of thymosin beta-4, a 43-amino-acid protein about five times heavier. Here is what the published research actually tested.
What published research reports about TB-500 and thymosin beta-4 safety, including the one human safety study, the negative findings, and the gaps nobody has filled.
No human trial has ever tested TB-500 itself. The eleven human studies people cite all used thymosin beta-4, the larger parent protein. Here is the full list.